As we navigate the ongoing pandemic, COVID-19 testing remains a powerful tool to contain the spread, especially as new variants emerge and get back to doing the things we love. But for older adults, the ever-changing recommendations around testing can be overwhelming. This guide is designed to help you determine when and where to get tested and what to do if you test positive for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.
And when it comes to the cost of COVID tests, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has given Medicare beneficiaries the ability to purchase FDA-approved over-the-counter (OTC) COVID-19 tests at zero cost. This is the first time Medicare has covered OTC self-administered tests at no expense to beneficiaries. As part of this new initiative, participating pharmacies and other healthcare providers are paid directly by Medicare.
But first, it’s essential to understand the different types of COVID-19 tests used to detect an active infection.
What are the two main types of COVID-19 tests for seniors?
The two main types of COVID-19 tests used for diagnosing the infection are the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and the antigen test. However, please note that testing methods and guidelines may have evolved since then, so it’s essential to consult updated and reliable sources for the latest information.
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Test: The PCR test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing COVID-19. This test detects the genetic material (RNA) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19. It involves collecting a nasal or throat swab sample, which is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. PCR tests are highly accurate and can identify even small amounts of the virus. However, the results may take several hours to a few days to be processed, depending on the testing capacity and infrastructure in the specific location.
- Antigen Test: Antigen tests, also known as rapid diagnostic tests or rapid antigen tests, are designed to detect specific proteins (antigens) on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These tests provide faster results compared to PCR tests, often within 15-30 minutes. Antigen tests are usually performed using a nasal or throat swab, and in some cases, saliva samples can be used as well. While antigen tests are generally less sensitive than PCR tests, they can still be valuable in quickly identifying infected individuals, particularly when there is a need for rapid testing, such as in screening programs or outbreak situations.
When should you get tested for COVID-19?
The guidelines for when to get tested for COVID-19 may vary based on factors such as the country, region, and local health authorities. However, here are some common scenarios in which it is generally recommended to get tested:
- Symptomatic individuals: If you develop symptoms associated with COVID-19, such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, loss of taste or smell, fatigue, body aches, sore throat, or headache, it is advisable to get tested as soon as possible. Prompt testing can help confirm the presence of the virus and guide appropriate medical care.
- Close contact with a confirmed case: If you have been in close contact with someone who has tested positive for COVID-19, especially if you have spent more than 15 minutes within 6 feet (2 meters) of the infected person, it is recommended to get tested. Even if you do not have symptoms, testing can help identify if you have been infected and take necessary precautions to prevent further transmission.
- Travel requirements: Depending on the travel regulations and guidelines in place, you may be required to get tested for COVID-19 before or after travel. Many countries and regions have specific testing requirements for international travelers, including presenting a negative test result before departure or undergoing testing upon arrival.
- Public health recommendations: In some cases, local health authorities or public health agencies may issue specific recommendations for certain populations or settings. For instance, they may advise testing for individuals in high-risk settings like nursing homes, healthcare facilities, or schools, even if they do not have symptoms.
Other COVID-19 testing options include:
In addition to the PCR test and antigen test, there are a few other COVID-19 testing options that have been developed or are under investigation. Here are a few examples:
- Antibody Test: Antibody tests, also known as serology tests, detect antibodies produced by the immune system in response to a previous COVID-19 infection. These tests typically involve a blood sample. Antibody testing can help determine if a person has had a prior infection and developed an immune response, but it may not be useful for diagnosing an active infection.
- Saliva Test: Saliva-based tests involve collecting a saliva sample instead of a nasal or throat swab. Saliva tests are being developed as an alternative to swab-based tests and have the advantage of being non-invasive and potentially easier to collect. Some saliva tests can detect both viral RNA and antigens, similar to the PCR and antigen tests.
- Rapid Molecular Tests: These tests, sometimes referred to as molecular point-of-care tests, use a similar technology as PCR tests but provide faster results. They can be performed at the point of care, such as in a doctor’s office or clinic, without the need for sending samples to a laboratory. These tests can provide results within minutes to a few hours, facilitating rapid decision-making and patient management.
- Home Testing Kits: Home testing kits have become increasingly available for COVID-19. These kits typically include a self-collection swab and instructions on how to collect a sample at home. The collected sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. Some home testing kits provide results within a few days, allowing individuals to test themselves in the comfort of their own homes.
It’s important to note that the availability and regulatory approvals of these testing options may vary by country or region. Always consult local health authorities or healthcare providers for the most accurate and up-to-date information on COVID-19 testing options in your area.
